Which of the following treatments is NOT typically involved in cancer therapy?

Psychotherapy is not typically considered a direct treatment modality for cancer itself, unlike the other options listed. Cancer therapy primarily encompasses methods that directly target the disease to eliminate or manage cancerous cells.

Radiation therapy utilizes high-energy radiation to destroy cancer cells and shrink tumors, while biotherapy employs biological agents to enhance the body’s immune response against cancer. Surgery is often employed to remove tumors or surrounding tissue affected by cancer.

While psychotherapy can play a supportive role in managing the psychological impacts of cancer on patients, aiding with coping mechanisms and addressing mental health challenges, it does not treat the cancer physically or biologically. It is part of holistic care but not a direct treatment for cancer like the others listed.